Manifestations of school bullying in ninth grade students in Panama:
A descriptive study
Keywords:
school bullying, school violence, adolescence, preventionAbstract
This research analyzed the manifestations and psychological implications of school bullying among ninth-grade students at a school in Panama City during the 2025 school year. A non-probabilistic convenience sample of 45 students (53% female, 47% male; mean age 14 years) was assessed using the AVE Questionnaire (Acoso y Violencia Escolar / Bullying and School Violence). The results revealed that 29% of students experienced well-confirmed or highly confirmed bullying. Social exclusion and social manipulation were the most prevalent forms, indicating a predominance of relational aggression. Clinically, 33% of students reported significant anxiety and diminished self-esteem. Based on these findings, the study proposes the "Comprehensive School Bullying Prevention and Intervention Program (PIPAE)," a 12-month multilevel intervention program grounded in ecological systems theory, social learning theory, and restorative justice principles. PIPAE is structured in four phases—Diagnosis and Preparation, Preventive Implementation, Specific Intervention, and Evaluation and Sustainability—and includes teacher training modules, socio-emotional workshops, psychological support, and family involvement. The program aims to reduce bullying prevalence and mitigate its psychological impact through early detection, restorative practices, and the strengthening of protective factors within the school community. workshops, psychological support, and family involvement, aiming to reduce bullying prevalence and mitigate psychological impact through early detection and strengthening of protective factors within the school community.
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